Information Management - Midterm Assessment Essay

Data Management - Midterm Assessment - Essay Example Every one of these classifications ought to be durably utilized and are imperative for the accomplishment of any undertaking. Various convergences of examination offer understanding to different components. For instance: information on client inclination, area and maintenance (Farasyn et al. 2011: 67). The greatest weapon that P&G had was ostensibly choice examiners who didn't take the customary approaches to get things done as the unrivaled guideline. Tores, Perssini, McDonald and the remainder of the group were a gathering of forward scholars, daring people and a group that esteemed straightforwardness, characteristics that are largely foremost in investigation. They worked superbly of presenting and empowering a diagnostic culture and condition in the organization (Davenport, Thomas, Marco Iansiti, and Serels 2013: 5). 1. Arrangement of cutting-edge information before investigation was adjusted in P&G, chronicled information was depended upon for examination and insights. These implied issues were not seen as they rose yet occasionally after the tempest had passed. Investigation assisted with giving cutting-edge information, all the market changes or buyer conduct changes are handily noted, and issues nipped at the bud when they showed up. A superb model is found in the North America Laundry cleanser Market contextual analysis, if the market development was not seen in time, P&G would thus lose that likely market to contenders had they not tended to the issue of flexibly in time (Davenport 2006: 98). 2. Promoting techniques examination give a decent method to plan advertising systems to yield the best outcome. P&G chose to begin with North America, Ohio and turn out to the remainder of the areas in the wake of contemplating the consumer’s conduct to the new conservative powder. From the discoveries, the group had the option to realize which stores to gracefully another item with. Despite the fact that, at first the deals were hard to follow because of stores that had supplied the more established form of

Double Negatives to Avoid

Twofold Negatives to Avoid Twofold Negatives to Avoid Twofold Negatives to Avoid By Maeve Maddox A French speaker who says â€Å"Je ne sais rien† causes a stir among the informed, yet an English speaker who says â€Å"I don’t know nothing† is quickly set apart as semi-proficient. (French ne compares to English not and rien to nothing.) A few dialects, similar to French and Spanish, have what is called â€Å"negative concord,† utilization that permits two negatives to communicate a solitary nullification without being viewed as erroneous. Twofold negatives in English came to be viewed as ungrammatical after the Middle Ages. Thinking about the wide utilization of twofold negatives in nonstandard English lingos of English, one may ask why the twofold negative is abhorred in the standard tongues. In 1762 an exceptionally learned English diocesan named Robert Lowth (1710-1787) distributed A Short Introduction to English Grammar. The cleric expressed this standard: Two Negatives in English decimate each other, or are comparable to an Affirmative. Lowth was a researcher of Latin and Hebrew. Both those old dialects need negative harmony. Religious administrator Lowth’s conclusion has become our standard. Never use not in a similar sentence as the accompanying: scarcely hardly just (in certain unique circumstances; doesn't make a difference to not onlybut moreover) not one or the other never nobody no one nothing no none Here are a few instances of sentences that once in a while create turmoil in nonstandard lingos, yet which are off base in standard English: Note: the reference mark shows that the sentence is nonstandard. *She was so feeble she couldn’t scarcely sit up. *Scarcely no one went to my gathering. *I can’t remain just a couple of moments. *I didn’t realize neither her phone number nor her location. *I never observed nobody I thought prettier. *I don’t think nothing about structure a fertilizer heap. *We don’t need no training *I don’t need none of those escargots. Here are similar contemplations communicated in standard English: She was so powerless she could scarcely sit up. Hardly anyone went to my gathering. I can remain just a couple of moments. I realized neither her phone number nor her location. I never observed anybody I thought prettier. I don’t know anything about structure a manure heap. We don’t need training I don’t need any of those escargots. Note: Not every twofold negative in English win a F from grammarians. The â€Å"not un-† development mainstream in the seventeenth century is as yet adequate in standard English. For instance, here’s a remark from a movement article: â€Å"the flavor was unordinary, however not unappealing.† Both not and unappealing are negatives. The thought is that the flavor is excessively peculiar to really be â€Å"appealing,† yet is by the by satisfactory. To express the idea in any case would adjust the writer’s expected importance. Need to improve your English in a short time a day? Get a membership and begin getting our composing tips and activities day by day! Continue learning! Peruse the Style class, check our well known posts, or pick a related post below:Avoid Beginning a Sentence with â€Å"With†8 Types of Parenthetical PhrasesTypes of Plots

Best Business Plan Writers

Best Business Plan Writers Best Business Plan Writers Online Home›Best Business Plan Writers OnlineTop Business Plan Writers for HireLooking for business plan writers who can articulate your vision? Whether you are a budding business owner or a college student who is working on a project in your business course, there are plenty of business plan writing services out there. Of course, the problem is that while most claim they can deliver on their promises, in the end their actual “business” plan is to take you to the cleaners. That is not the case with us. For more than a decade, our business plan service has developed a solid reputation for providing aspiring business owners exactly what they need: the best business plan writer to make your idea look perfect on paper. Over the years, our business plan writing services have helped small IT companies, restaurants, fitness centers, and even yoga studios get off the ground by providing sound analysis about the market and developing short- and long-term plan s for success. If you want to see your dreams become a reality, hire the top business plan writers today!Save extra 10% on each and every order by receiving 300 words/page instead of 275 words/page offered by most of the essay writing websites.Want to Start a Business? You Need to Buy a Business Plan

Difference Between Distributive and Integrative Bargaining

Difference between Distributive and Integrative Bargaining Raymond Yang Garcia 1) The difference between distributive and integrative bargaining Negotiation approaches are generally described as either distributive or integrative. At the heart of each strategy is a measurement of conflict between each party’s desired outcomes. Consider the following situation. Chris, an entrepreneur, is starting a new business that will occupy most of his free time for the near future. Living in a fancy new development, Chris is concerned that his new business will prevent him from taking care of his lawn, which has strict requirements under neighborhood rules. Not wanting to upset his neighbors, Chris decides to hire Matt to cut his grass. In a†¦show more content†¦In this error, a negotiator views another party through a narrow lens of one attribute. As a result, this one attribute acts like a screen, keeping the negotiator from accurately viewing multiple traits. For example, our entrepreneur Chris may have observed that Matt does a poor job trimming bushes. Consequently, observation could override other considerations that might have more relevance to the job at hand. Another perceptual error is selective perception, which describes how we categorize and interpret information in a way that favors one category or interpretation over another. There are a variety of reasons why individuals are susceptible to selective perception, but it stems from a person’s prior experiences – relating known information to the current circumstance. Selective perception usually perpetuates stereotypes and halo-effect. The final error is projection, where an individual’s current emotional state tends to influence the perception of others. It is generally a defense mechanism intended to protect an individual’s self-concept. For example, if Chris previously had someone who poorly cut his lawn and Matt looked like him, Chris may consider Matt’s services undesirable. 3) The challenges that come from multiparty negotiations Multiparty negotiations occur when more than two parties are working together to achieve an objective. Overall, increasing the number of negotiators creates complexity and multiple priorities andShow MoreRelatedIntegrative Negotiation1356 Words   |  6 PagesIntegrative Negotiation By MGT 5193.E2 February 16, 2011 Definition of Integrative bargaining states that; it is a negotiation between the parties when the parties are not experiencing a direct conflict over an issue and they want to be benefitted from discussions(Negotiations betweena union†¦,n.d.). Integrative negotiation is a process in which the party’s goal is to develop a result which is benefitted to both of them. Integrative bargaining is also known as win-winRead MoreIntegrative and Distributive Negotiations1059 Words   |  5 PagesIntegrative and Distributive Bargaining Whether a negotiation involves working together toward a goal or working against one another to win, each party must use a strategy to reach a solution. The differences of distributive bargaining and integrative bargaining are parallel. The ways in which one method is competitive and the other is cooperative is described and related to a well-known case involving basketball player Juwan Howard. Distributive Bargaining In a competitive bargaining situationRead MoreNegotiation Is A Process Of Interpersonal Decision Making Essay1405 Words   |  6 PagesNegotiation is defined as a dialogue between two or more parties or people indenting to reach an outcome or resolve a conflict. It may also be defined as a process of interpersonal decision making. There are two approaches to negotiation such as Distributive and Integrative negotiation approaches. The integrative negotiation is described as a set of tactics which are applied so as to improve both quality and likelihood of the negotiation process. It is also termed as interest based or principledRead MoreDifference Between Distributive And Mediation1526 Words   |  7 Pagesmeaning of distributive bargaining and mediation with several key features of each strategy. The main differences between distributive and mediation in dispute resolution will elaborate further in this paper. Further, advantages and disadvantages of both strategies will also listed below attached with examples of implying each approach that will use in different situations. Findings and argument explained below can generalize into a short summery, not many scholars will suggest to use distributive approachRead MoreIntegrative Bargaining1736 Words   |  7 Pagesdemonstrate that integrative bargaining can and should be used as an effective tool for negotiations in situations where unequal bargaining power e xist. It has been defined for this essay that integrative bargaining is the process of defining goals that allow both sides to achieve their objectives, and engage in a process that permits both parties to maximize their objectives (Lewicki, 2007). Integrative bargaining can be used as an effective strategy to manoeuvre out from under superior bargaining power beingRead MoreThe Problem Of Distributive Bargaining795 Words   |  4 PagesOpposing interests, exchange of goods or service, and terms of agreements, are but a few reasons conflict can arise between parties. These controversies can stem from business or personal relationships, and be held in formal or informal settings, but all require some form of resolution in order to satisfy or assuage the parties involved. Negotiation, or bargaining, is a common method used to obtain resolution. A variety of strategies can be employed in this process, some with more favorable outcomesRead MoreBusiness Law ( Negotiation And Conflict Management )1525 Words   |  7 PagesAmir Salar Tavangar Business Law (Negotiation and Conflict Management) Work Assignment #1 September 10, 2015 Fall 2015 Negotiation is a method by which people settle differences. As our book describes â€Å"it is also a form of decision making in which two or more parties talk to one another as opposing their opposing interest†. Therefore, each negation has to have a certain components in order to be qualified as negotiation. First, there should be at least two or more than two parties that have a disagreementRead MoreNegotiation Strategy Article Analysis1105 Words   |  5 Pagesin the work setting. Negotiation Articles The first article is from is from eTurboNews (2010), which is a global travel industry news periodical. The title of the article is â€Å"American Airlines union pushes for strike.† The negotiation is between American Airlines and the Transport Workers Union that represents the mechanics and other ground workers at American Airlines. The union represents 28,000 workers at American and its regional arm, American Eagle. The strategy that the unionRead MoreThe Role of Negotiation in Conflict Resolution Essay examples1516 Words   |  7 Pagesthat conflict is essential characteristics of organisational life. Role of manager is paramount with regard to negotiating the conflict that arises in organisational life (http://www.sagepub.com/). Often lack of effective and direct communication between the employees or employees and management are major contributory factor towards the organisational conflict. Failure of manger to establish direct communication with the employees can be also regarded as principle factor behind the organisationalRead MoreNegotiation by Lewicki1690 Words   |  7 Pagesand negotiation. Part Two examines the processes of communication, persuasion, and ethical judgment. Part Three explores external influences on negotiations, including the social context, coalition or group participation, individual personality differences, and cultural factors. The final chapters discuss w ays for parties and third-parties to address breakdowns in the negotiation process. The text includes a bibliography and a comprehensive index. Negotiation Basics The negotiation situation is

Gloria Anzalduas How To Tame A Wild Tongue - 1895 Words

Identity as the â€Å"condition or character as to who a person or what a thing is; the qualities, beliefs, etc., that distinguish or identify a person or thing† (Dictionary.com). This could refer to name, gender, sexual orientation, one’s profession, race, ethnicity, and the list stretches beyond. Is it birth, by choice, or by evolution of events? In Gloria Anzaldua’s â€Å"How to Tame a Wild Tongue†, Jhumpa Lahiri’s â€Å"Teach Yourself Italian†, and Zadie Smith’s â€Å"Speaking in Tongues†, each author writes about their experiences with languages and all have lived through different events which has led them to their definitions of identity. What they all have in common is that they define identity not as something defined by birth, by determined by†¦show more content†¦Chicanos are unique to their place, and their surroundings. Their culture is slowly built up from their surroundings, and who they encounter. For A nzaldua, she proudly displays her heritage and her Chicana identity despite the negativity she has received. However, in comparison to Anzaldua’s definition of identity through her heritage, Zadie Smith’s concept of identity is rooted in her concept of voice, as seen in her piece, â€Å"Speaking in Tongues†. She writes, â€Å"We feel that our voices are who we are, and that to have more than one, or to use different versions of a voice for different occasions, represents, at best, a Janus-faced duplicity, and at worst, the loss of our very souls† (Smith 133). Unlike Anzaldua who held onto her identity as a Chicana, Smith’s voice changed from Willesden to a voice from Cambridge. Though the change in her voice was not one that was expected, she has realized it has also become her identity. And while she admits she has lost the voice she was born with and regrets not keeping that voice alive, it is difficult to say that she has completely lost that part of her identity. Being able to once speak in that voice, is what allowed her to travel to that crowded New York bar even in her fancy outfit. Having a voice or being part of that cultural voice, is part of one’s identity. While Smith and Anzaldua may define identity through a culture or a voice, Jhumpa Lahiri, herself, had a different experience. Rather for Lahiri, she helps the readerShow MoreRelatedGloria Anzalduas How To Tame A Wild Tongue1020 Words   |  5 Pages(Marilyn vos Savant). Within the short text â€Å"How to Tame a Wild Tongue,† this idea is explored in numerous ways as the various groups of people attempt to gain more rights within their community and society as a whole. They come to the realization that the ways in which they are treated is in an unjust manner. Others treated them as if they are insignificant and powerless. Therefore, in Gloria Anzaldua’s â€Å"How to Tame a Wild Tongue,† she confronts how many Hispanic minorities, especially women, areRead MoreTame A Wild Tongue Summary1113 Words   |  5 Pagesanalysis of â€Å"How to tame a wild tongue â€Å" Activist, Gloria Anzaldua’s narrative excerpt â€Å"How to tame a wild tongue† She Goes into depth of ethnic identity, While knocking down walls of linguistic and identity down. How one would identify themselves while broadcasting the struggles any person with culture has felt. She uses ethos, pathos, and logos alongside all 5 senses making the reader feel they witness the struggles she went through if not witness then actually experienced. Anzaldua’s purpose isRead MoreTaming Anzalduas Contact Zone Analysis984 Words   |  4 Pagesgroup has its high and low points, and it is just as important to learn about the low points as it is to learn about the highs. Gloria Anzaldua’s essay, â€Å"how to tame a wild tongue†, focuses on the ideas of losing an accent or native language to conform to the dominant culture. Anzaldua grew up in the United States but spoke mostly Spanish, however, her essay discusses how the elements of language began to define her identity and culture. She was living in an English speaking environment, but wasRead MoreThe Negative Impact of Bilangual Education1216 Words   |  5 Pageshave lasting impacts on individuals, hence, Richard Rodriguez, in his book â€Å"Achievement of Desire†, addresses his struggles as a young boy, trying to adapt to a bilingual education and how that education alienated him from his uneducated Mexican parents. Additionally in the excerpts â€Å"How to Tame a Wild Tongue,† Gloria Anzaldua, while she mainly focuses on the language of â€Å"Mexican† people in different aspects, also mentions her strife as a bilingual student. Although these two stories are differentRead MoreAnalysis Of How To Tame A Wild Tongue1713 Words   |  7 Pages In â€Å"How to Tame a Wild Tongue† by Gloria Anzaldua, she speaks from personal experiences she grows up with while living as a Chicana in the United States. Throughout her life she was subjected to being oppressed because of her native language. From a very young age she felt as if she was not allowed to express and acknowledge herself while speaking Spanish. Anzaldua believes that â€Å"If you want to really hurt me, talk bad about my language. Ethnic identity is twin skin to linguistic identity – I amRead MoreBecoming Members of Society: Learning the Social Meanings of Gender (Devor1029 Words   |  5 Pagesof ethnic identity as unfortunate by-products. The Xicano (Chicano) was able to evolve and retain their cultural identity and ethnicity by creating a border dialect or language (a Patois) which supports the view of the essayist Gloria Anzaldua’s â€Å"How to Tame a Wild Tongue.† This dialect is viewed as sub-cultured jargon in their homeland (Mex ico) where Standard Mexican Spanish is spoken and the Working Class English is demanded by their adopted host north of the border, America. Ultimately, the appropriationRead MoreAnzalduas Struggle with Language1502 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"How to Tame a Wild Tongue† Gloria Anzaldua, the author of â€Å"How to Tame a Wild Tongue,† expresses a very strong tie that she has to her native language. Anzaldua grew up in the United States, but spoke mostly Spanish. She did not speak the normal form of Spanish though; she spoke Chicano Spanish, a language very close to her heart. The text focuses on the idea of her losing her home accent, or tongue, to conform to the environment she is growing up in. From a very young age, Anzaldua knowsRead MoreHow A Wild Tongue By Gloria Anzaldua1236 Words   |  5 Pagesslowly developing a more accepting attitude toward differences, several minority groups continue to suffer from cultural oppression. In her essay â€Å"How to Tame a Wild Tongue,† Gloria Anzaldà ºa explores the challenges encountered by these groups. She especially focuses on her people, the Chicanos, and describes the difficulties she faced practicing her mother tongue. She argues that for many years, the dominant American culture has silenced their language. She claims that by forcing them to speak EnglishRead MoreReading Response For A Wild Tongue970 Words   |  4 Pagesresponse to â€Å"How to Tame a Wild Tongue,† by Gloria Anzaldua. In Gloria Anzaldua’s 1987 article, â€Å"How to Tame a Wild Tongue,† she expresses some of the cultural struggles and lifestyles of the central American culture that Americans do not think about, let alone know about. She starts off illustrating an experience she had at the dentist office which triggered many thoughts and feelings about her culture. The Dentist claimed her tongue was â€Å"strong and stubborn,† in other words, â€Å"you need to tame your tongueRead MoreEssays: Spanish Language1643 Words   |  7 PagesChildhood we see how the author struggles to find his public identity and in Gloria Anzaldà ºas, How to Tame a Wild Tongue we see how the writer shows that a person should not be viewed any less of because of the language they speak. In the end, a bilingual person often loses part of their identity when coming to a new country because they are slowly losing their form of communication Often the language you speak can bring people together. Rodriguez, in his essay, talks about how speaking Spanish

The Basis Of Hume s Theory - 1398 Words

The basis of Hume’s essay is in regards to aesthetics, he offers his definition of the â€Å"standard of taste† from the standpoint of even the best critics. Throughout the essay, Hume reaches his conclusion by â€Å"both his characterization of the appreciative response and by his particular way of drawing the distinction between the subjective and the objective,† (Carroll). From the beginning of the essay, it is noticed that Hume’s theory is representative of a paradox. He states, â€Å"The great variety of Taste, as well as of opinion, which prevails in the world, is too obvious not to have fallen under every one’s observation,† (Hume 103). Taste and opinion are almost synonymous here, everyone has their own preference which is apparent when it comes time for judgement. The first portion of the paradox refers to the subjectivity individuals tend to place upon objects or works that are being viewed. Individuals holding a higher level of kno wledge towards the subject are further prone to have distinguishable tastes rather than someone with a lack of knowledge, while people that hold prejudices in their mind will be incapable of having an open mind. It is easy for someone to deem something as hideous if it is unfamiliar just as it is easy to be arrogant and possessive of what is known to be true. Furthermore, Hume elaborates on the importance of language, he â€Å"argues that much of the apparent agreement in aesthetic discourse is based on a linguistic mirage,† (Carroll). There are obviousShow MoreRelatedExistence Through Our Senses : Hegel s Theory Of Life1099 Words   |  5 Pages  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚   Existence Through Our Senses Hegel’s argued that the creation of life is based on phenomenology and that the nature of life is based on our senses. He argues that it is more than just phenomena, it s complex phenomena.Without the mind, we would not have existed in the world and without knowledge we would not be able to survive.   Our body communicates with our mind and without our mind we would not be able to function , we would not be able to survive without knowledge eitherRead MoreImmanuel Kant And Kant On Morality1097 Words   |  5 Pagessocieties. Examples would be don’t cheat, don’t steal, and treat others as you would want to be treated. When dealing with the philosophers take on morality, there are two which are usually compared to one another, Immanuel Kant and David Hume. Immanuel Kant had many theories throughout his philosophical time. Here are some of his ethical works, Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals (1785), the Critique of Practical Reason (1788), and the Metaphys ics of Morals (1797), which contains both â€Å"the DoctrineRead MoreInto The Woods By Stephen Sondheim Essay1612 Words   |  7 Pagesdecisions that play a very important role throughout the play and the field of ethics. In fact, philosophers such as Immanuel Kant and David Hume– philosophers that extensibly contributed with ethical views regarding respect and dignity– may agree or disagree with the ethical decisions taken by the characters on specific instances. In fact, Kant and Hume have developed a set of views that determine what is right and wrong; very useful to decide whether or not the Baker’s decisions are ethicallyRead MoreAnalysis Of John Locke, George Berkeley And David Hume1657 Words   |  7 Pagesthinking assuming that all human knowledge arises originally from sense-experiences. John Locke, George Berkeley and David Hume are most notably known for the branch of empirical philosophy. Philosopher David Hume discusses what he believes are â₠¬Å"bundles of perception.† He argues that we can never experience the objective world and alternatively only observe patterns. According to Hume, there are two methods used to detect these patterns, unit and continuity and causality. Casualty is defined as a relationshipRead MoreKant vs Aristotle1314 Words   |  6 Pagesthemselves a trench in the philosophical world. We can see the biggest distinction between the two in their theories of how we know things exist. The traditions of Plato and Aristotle have been dubbed rationalism and empiricism respectively. Under these traditions many well known philosophers have formed their own theories of God, existence and the material world. Through these individual theories I will show how each fits into the category of either Rationalist or Imperialist. The Plutonian philosophersRead MoreKant s Philosophy Of Philosophy1220 Words   |  5 Pagescentury, the world was just reeling from the philosophical teachings of David Hume, when Im manuel Kant—Father of Western philosophy—entered the picture. Kant’s â€Å"central question was whether metaphysics—as the science of being itself—objects as they exist fundamentally and independently of our perceptions and interpretations, is possible† (Richards 1). It is said that Kant was sent to rescue philosophy from the hands of Hume. After consulting Hume’s works, however, Kant came to the â€Å"conclusion that metaphysicsRead MoreKarl Popper And The Scientific Method1372 Words   |  6 Pagesformulate a law or theory. Popper rejected the inductivist viewpoint in favor of a theory called empirical falsification which holds that a theory can never be proven, but it can be falsified, and therefore it can and needs to be scrutinized through experimentation. In his work â€Å"Conjectures and Refutations,† Popper discussed several aspects of induction including the topics of conjectures (opinions or conclusions formed on the basis of incomplete information) or tentative theories and refutationsRead MoreThe Design Argument for the Existence of God Essay920 Words   |  4 PagesThe Design Argument for the Existence of God While theology may take Gods existence as absolutely necessary on the basis of authority, faith, or discovery, many philosophers have thought it possible to demonstrate by reason that there must be a God. The teleological argument, also known as the argument from design quite simply states that a designer must exist since the universe and living things display elements of design in their order, consistency, unity and patternRead MoreAlfred Jules Ayers Language, Truth and Logic, the Major Thesis on Logical Positivism of its Time982 Words   |  4 Pages Reilly - Notes). In this sense, cognitively meaningful is defined as either true or false. Analytic is defined as either mathematical or logical, and empirically verifiable is accepted if the statement can be proven either true or false on the basis of experience. So, a verificationist is someone who adheres to the verification principle proposed by A.J. Ayer in Language, Truth and Logic (Verificationism). The great debate amongst verificationist was whether the empirical observation itselfRead MoreDescartes s Theory Of Knowledge1834 Words   |  8 PagesDescartes theorized that in order to acquire knowledge, there essentially is some rational technique for attaining it, and that the expenditure of the senses, or any other individual capability was not a dependable basis. In his third meditation he says, â€Å"I know that even b odies are not perceived by the senses, or by the faculty of imagination, but by the intellect alone (69). As a rationalist Descartes supposed that this withstood identically for everyone, that all people have rational learned concepts

Ethics for Handbook of Artificial Intelligence -myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theEthics for Handbook of Artificial Intelligence. Answer: Introduction The assignment focuses on the ethical analysis of artificial Intelligence (AI). The specific ethical question that arises in artificial intelligences is discussed in this study. AI is the ability of robot or digital computer to perform task that is generally linked to intelligent beings. This is mainly applied to developing system project endowed with intellectual processes features of humans. The ethics of AI refers to the part of ethics of technology particular to robots as well as other artificial intelligent beings (Bostrom and Yudkowsky 2014). Recent development in AI raises lots of ethical issues within the enterprise. The significance of ethical problem and facts relevant to the ethical questions is also explained in this assignment. The study also reflects on the assumptions required to fill the gaps in information relevant to this ethical questions. Furthermore, ethical act relating to ethical questions is also elucidated in this assignment. Ethical questions that arise in artificial intelligence While the developments in technology lead to increase in AI, it raises some of ethical questions. One of the ethical questions that arise in AI is How does privacy co-exists with the powered sensors of AI? Importance of specific ethical problem Ethical issues have become highly complex with advancement in AI over the last few years. Most AI application basically requires large volumes of data for learning as well as making intelligent decisions (Brey 2012). This ethical problem has huge importance as it has been evident from recent study that privacy of data has been affected by application as well as development of AI. The rise in cyber attacks in present years leads to explosion of penetrations in network, personal data theft and spread of computer viruses. Recently it has been seen from some facts that rapid advancement in AI is increasing risk to the business. This is because malicious users exploit new technology for mounting automated hacking attacks (Gunkel 2012). It has been found by some researchers that malicious utilization of AI in business poses huge threats to physical, political and digital security (Pistono and Yampolskiy 2016). Hence, this ethical problem is required to be analyzed by the innovators of tech nology in order to reduce the risk in business. Key facts that is relevant to the analysis of ethical question Some of the key facts that are relevant to the analysis of ethical questions are given below: Few health related devices which take benefits of AI poses significant threat in terms of privacy. Most of the enterprises give out Fitbits for gathering data about the workers, which is mainly utilized for insurance purposes. Implementation of AI coexisting with this device might reveal the heath condition that the employers do not know about it (Bostrom and Yudkowsky 2014). Media enterprises also faces several threats regarding privacy of new distribution challenges and matching content with increasing customer base. Telecom enterprises also face huge management problems as AI reveals some information regarding changing of suppliers, engagement of new customers and so on. Although AIs application to the finance such as Turbo Tax, Mint has been upending the financial institutions, it applications might pose threat to the accountants regarding revealing of confidential data (Helbing et al. 2017). Although integration of machines leaning algorithms into analytics as well as CRM platforms uncover information for serving customers in better way, it poses threats to the business in terms of privacy. As application of AI in education automates grading, provides educators huge time, assess students and help the educators work at own pace, the tutors might take illegal steps in educating the students by using this tool. Assumptions that are required to fill gaps in publically available information relevant to ethical problem The two assumptions that are required to fill gaps in the information available relevant to this ethical problem are given below: Involving as well as educating all sectors of the community relating to some facts of AI Shaping AI friendly environment for the people and people friendly environment for AI might also help to fill the gap. Ethical act central to ethical question by forecasting positive and negative consequences Creating skills that is compatible with AI will facilitate to create as well as maintain health system in job. AI helps to improve the systems of automation in the business as it easily automates routine processes. In addition to this, it also helps the business to found databases and processes several points. Apart from this, it also facilitates the business to increase virtual assistance (Russell and Norvig 2016). On the other hand, as privacy of data remains a huge ethical problem for the businesses, AI machines increases the risk of human jobs and also reduces employment. As AI machines do not have emotions as well as moral values, they cannot replicate humans. However, these machines cannot make any business decisions and also breakdowns in certain situations. As a result, ethical argument regarding AI still continues in the present decades. Ethical conclusion comparing positive and negative consequences Although present AI provides several ethical issues in the businesses, it facilitates in solving several critical problems. The applications as well as problems of AI benefit the business by creating different procedure and work systems with higher accuracy. In addition, development of AI has significant advantage on the way enterprises operate their workplace. People require to be the part of development for AI to facilitate augment human ingenuity as well as create culture depending on collaboration (Russell 2015). Advent of AI machines help the business to reduce errors and increase efficiency in business. One the other hand, the negative consequences of AI involves- increasing in unemployment as the enterprise cuts down on human workforce, adverse impact on humanity and so on. However, defining specific set of principles as well as values would guide to further development of AI and solve ethical problems relating to this in future. References Bostrom, N. and Yudkowsky, E., 2014. The ethics of artificial intelligence.The Cambridge handbook of artificial intelligence, pp.316-334. Brey, P.A., 2012. Anticipating ethical issues in emerging IT.Ethics and Information Technology,14(4), pp.305-317. Gunkel, D.J., 2012.The machine question: critical perspectives on AI, robots, and ethics. MIT Press. Helbing, D., Frey, B.S., Gigerenzer, G., Hafen, E., Hagner, M., Hofstetter, Y., van den Hoven, J., Zicari, R.V. and Zwitter, A., 2017. Will democracy survive big data and artificial intelligence.Scientific American,25. Helbing, D., Frey, B.S., Gigerenzer, G., Hafen, E., Hagner, M., Hofstetter, Y., van den Hoven, J., Zicari, R.V. and Zwitter, A., 2017. Will democracy survive big data and artificial intelligence.Scientific American,25. Pistono, F. and Yampolskiy, R.V., 2016. Unethical research: How to create a malevolent artificial intelligence.arXiv preprint arXiv:1605.02817. Russell, S., 2015. Ethics of artificial intelligence.Nature,521(7553), pp.415-416. Russell, S.J. and Norvig, P., 2016.Artificial intelligence: a modern approach. Malaysia; Pearson Education Limited,.

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Redesigned SAT Writing and Language Test

Redesigned SAT Writing and Language Test In March of 2016, the College Board will administer the first Redesigned SAT test to students across the country. This new Redesigned SAT test looks incredibly different from the current exam! One of the major changes is the retiring of the Writing test. It will be replaced by the Evidence-Based Reading and Writing section, of which, the Writing and Language test is a major part. This page explains what you can expect to find from that portion when you sit for the exam in 2016.   Check out the Current SAT vs. Redesigned SAT chart for an easy explanation of each tests format.  Want to know even more about the redesign? Check out  Redesigned SAT 101  for  all  the facts.   Aim of the SAT Writing and Language Test According to the College Board, The basic aim of the redesigned SAT’s Writing and Language Test is to determine whether students can demonstrate college and career readiness proficiency in revising and editing a range of texts in a variety of content areas, both academic and career related, for development, organization, and effective language use and for conformity to the conventions of standard written English grammar, usage, and punctuation. Format of the SAT Writing and Language Test 4 complete passages 4 sections44 multiple-choice questions 11 questions per passage35 minutes 8 minutes 45 seconds per passage if youd like to plan your time. You will not be given only 8 minutes 45 seconds per passage – you may distribute the 35 minutes any way youd like.    Passage Information What exactly will you be reading on this Writing and Language test? Well, first, each of the four sections passages will be between 400 - 450 words for a total of 1700, so each is a manageable portion of text. One of the passages will be from a career perspective. Another text will relate to History or Social Studies. The third passage will relate to Humanities and the fourth will relate to Science. Youll also see one or more graphics in one or more of the test sections. In addition, the purposes of each passage will vary somewhat. One or two of the passages will make an argument; one or two will inform or explain; and one will be a nonfiction narrative. So, if youre a visual learner, here is an imagined example of what your Writing and Language test could look like: Section 1: A 425-word argument passage about the need for diversity in the workplace. 1 chart showing the percentages of ethnicities in healthcare. 11 questions Section 2: A 410-word passage explaining Julius Caesars reign. 11 questions Section 3: A 430-word passage arguing for an increase in nutrient-rich foods in cafeterias of Floridian schools. 1 table describing the daily nutrition of available lunches. 11 questions Section 4: A 435-word passage telling a story about a specific doctors use of robotics in her surgical procedures. 11 questions Writing and Language Skills Tested Youll have 44 questions; might as well figure out the skills those questions are designed to measure! On this exam, you should be able to do the following: Development: Add, revise, or retain central ideas, main claims, counterclaims, topic sentences, and the like to structure text and convey arguments, information, and ideas.Add, revise, or retain information and ideas (e.g., details, facts, statistics) intended to support claims or points in text clearly and effectively.Add, revise, retain, or delete information and ideas in text for the sake of relevance to topic and purpose.Relate information presented quantitatively in such forms as graphs, charts, and tables to information presented in text. Organization: Revise text as needed to ensure that information and ideas are presented in the most logical order.Revise text as needed to improve the beginning or ending of a text or paragraph to ensure that transition words, phrases, or sentences are used effectively to connect information and ideas. Effective Language Use: Revise text as needed to improve the exactness or content appropriateness of word choice.Revise text as needed to improve the economy of word choice (i.e., to eliminate wordiness and redundancy).Revise text as necessary to ensure consistency of style and tone within a text or to improve the match of style and tone to purpose. Use various sentence structures to accomplish needed rhetorical purposes. Sentence Structure: Recognize and correct grammatically incomplete sentences (e.g., rhetorically inappropriate fragments and run-ons).Recognize and correct problems in coordination and subordination in sentences.Recognize and correct problems in parallel structure in sentences.Recognize and correct problems in modifier placement (e.g., misplaced or dangling modifiers).Recognize and correct inappropriate shifts in verb tense, voice, and mood within and between sentences.Recognize and correct inappropriate shifts in pronoun person and number within and between sentences. Conventions of Usage: Recognize and correct pronouns with unclear or ambiguous antecedents.Recognize and correct cases in which possessive determiners (its, your, their), contractions (it’s, you’re, they’re), and adverbs (there) are confused with each other.Recognize and correct lack of agreement between pronoun and antecedent.Recognize and correct lack of agreement between subject and verb.Recognize and correct lack of agreement between nouns.Recognize and correct instances in which a word or phrase is confused with another (e.g., accept/except, allusion/illusion).Recognize and correct cases in which unlike terms are compared.Recognize and correct cases in which a given expression is inconsistent with standard written English. Conventions of Punctuation: Recognize and correct inappropriate uses of ending punctuation in cases in which the context makes the intent clear.Correctly use and recognize and correct inappropriate uses of colons, semicolons, and dashes to indicate sharp breaks in thought within sentences.Recognize and correct inappropriate uses of possessive nouns and pronouns as well as differentiate between possessive and plural forms.Correctly use and recognize and correct inappropriate uses of punctuation (commas and sometimes semicolons) to separate items in a series.Correctly use punctuation (commas, parentheses, dashes) to set off nonrestrictive and parenthetical sentence elements as well as recognize and correct cases in which restrictive or essential sentence elements are inappropriately set off with punctuation.Recognize and correct cases in which unnecessary punctuation appears in a sentence. Preparing for the Redesigned SAT Writing and Language Test The College Board and the Khan Academy are offering free test prep for students interested in getting ready for the exam. You read that correctly: Free. Check it out!

The relationship between play and creativity Essay - 1

The relationship between play and creativity - Essay Example This close association between play and creativity has prompted practitioners and educators to design creative curriculum fostering creative environments in early school education. This paper seeks to review the literature on the relationship between play and creativity and the insights gained from the review will be beneficial for further interdisciplinary researches in this regard. A large number of researchers have tried to unearth how pretend play and elaborated role play are associated with creativity. Russ & Wallace (2013) regard pretend play among children as a creative act that is capable of stimulating and fostering creativity in adulthood. Pretend play triggers cognitive, affective, and interpersonal processes that are essential for the development of one’s creativity (Russ & Wallace, 2013, p. 136). The potential of pretend play to develop mature emotional control has also been documented in the literature. Hoffmann & Russ (2012, p. 182), in this respect, point out that children with higher levels of imagination, affect and organization during pretend play are better able to self-regulate and manage their emotions. Creativity researchers identify that both creativity and pretend play are characterized by cognitive abilities, the ability to create a variety of ideas, divergent thinking, broad associative skills, insight, cognitive flexibility, and perspective taking (Russ & Wallace, 2013, p. 137). The authors perceive pretend play as the creative outcome of children and emphasize on the need to undertake more in-depth researches on pretend play as a measure or predictor of creativity. The article throws light on a number of theories that explain how pretend play promotes creativity among children. Evolutionary theorists argue that pretend play prepare children for necessary adult activities; they claim that pretend play offers unique opportunity for children to practice with the skills of problem

Disaster Plan Assignment Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Disaster Plan Assignment - Research Paper Example The stress test examines the stability of the system on while handling many simultaneous functions and processes. Stress testing is far beyond normal operations as it can be categorized in to application stress testing and hardware stress testing. The strict security measures, both in terms of physical and software security. Biometric identification system and encryption techniques can be implemented to minimize database security. Moreover, the third step would be to replicate the core services that are running on a specific server or workstation. This will facilitate the employees to entertain the patients, whenever a primary server goes down. Plans and Changes In order to minimize system failure for future, risk analysis is required that will identify all the critical systems on the network. It will also demonstrate the factors that may disrupt the critical system on the network. Moreover, it also includes the implementation of adequate controls in order to prevent system failures. Daily backups are required on daily basis and a mechanism is required that will check the integrity of the backup at the same time, if the backup is corrupt, new backup can be requested at the same time. It is essential to prevent the backup database also by applying adequate security measures, as database contents are highly classified. In case of a natural disaster, data must be relocated on a separate data center situated far away geographically. Furthermore, to eliminate power issues, ‘PoE’ can be implemented to minimize electric outage as it contains its own separate electric channel for the workstation and network devices. Root Cause Analysis The major impact that contributed to the system failure problem is the instability of Tech Med system as well as the application that creates database backup. However, primary source of power was restored instantly and replaced by the secondary link. The impact of Tech Med system resulted in halting all the operations associ ated with Jones Regional Medical Center (JRMC). Moreover, the impact of corrupt database backup resulted in a major halt in system operations of the medical center. Manual entries were conducted, as full database recovery is required from journal articles to transactions. Likewise, when the system is not operational, the staff at the medical center has noted all the operational processes manually so that they can be entered, when the system becomes operational. Disaster Recovery Plan The disaster recovery plan covering all the issues and counter measures is demonstrated below (Sandhu, 2002): Threats Counter Measures Power Failure Alternate power distribution link Database Failure Backing up data on 3 different locations at the same time by disk mirroring, ciphering, DLT or manual backup on daily basis. System Failure Alternate system to replace the affected system Theft Lock Cabinets IP cameras, biometric fingerprint identification, Vandalism Hard steel box for Servers and Databases Flood Relocating or replicating the network room Create a duplicate or replica of crucial data servers that are geographically located away Fire water sprinklers, Fire extinguishers Earthquake Relocating data with data centers that are geographically located away Determining the Amount The initial step is to identity the information assets on the network along with the services associated with it. The next

Paramount Furniture Marketing Opportunities

Paramount Furniture Marketing Opportunities Davinder Kumar Task 1 My company name is paramount furniture which is in New Zealand. we made lots of products like sofa, corner suites, beds, chairs and sofa bed etc. we are also selling a coffee table and dining tables. Recently we start making a love suites and New Zealand people very like them. Now we think about export the love suites in international market like Dubai, Germany. If we export our products to Dubai and Germany we can get lots of money and in this way, our business become growing. We made love suites with New Zealand pine wood, good quality of foam and fiber. Â   Â   love suite Task 2 Environmental factor: Political factor Political stability If the political factor is not stable due to any reason so it will bad effect on our exporting products because people will not buy our products due to any strike and war. In Germany, the political factors are not stabile some so they effect on our production, but in Dubai the politically stability so they continuous buy love suites from our company Corruption risk Dubai is count in a low-crime and politically-stable country. Also, the UAE appreciates with financial and economic stability. So, paramount furniture can easily be dealing with Dubai. It is well-developed, cultured banking system features wide credit services. On the other hand, there are many corruption risk in Germany like make fake documents and illegal offers. But these kind of corruption is not effect on international marketing. Legal and regulatory requirements In Dubai and Germany, all people follows the government rules and regulations. So, we can export our love suites easily and legally in the Dubai and Germany. Because if people doing work with all rules and regulations so the countrys government also helps him. Trade structure Germany is the 3rd largest country which export lots of products from another countries and Dubai is the 2nd largest country in the world. So, paramount furniture dealing easily with these countries. Because these countries mostly export lots of products from other countries. Economic factor GDP per capita Gross domestics products has four main factors like government expenditure, investment in business, export import, personal feeding. The GDP in Dubai and Germany are very good for exporting any product. So, we can export our product easily with these countries. The rate of exchanging the currency are inspiration the distribute and import in country. Income distribution The income distribution has put bad effect on international marketing in (Dubai and Germany). Because every people is not rich in these countries, the poor people buy cheaper products from their countries. So, it will put bad effect on paramounts products. Foreign exchange Every country dealing with US dollar in international market, Dubai and Germany also dealing with US dollar in international market. If the dollar price change It will also effect on the export and import business. If the dollar price increase it will good for paramount furnitures product which they are export to the Dubai and Germany otherwise it will bid for paramount furniture. Economic cycle Business cycle is called economic cycle. Economic cycle has four phases in business successful, growing, slump and downturn. Sociocultural factor Linguistic fragmentation It is called difference in language. The linguistic fragmentation is also impact on international marketing. Because in every country people speak different languages like in Dubai mostly people speak Arabic and in Germany people German so many people dont understand English language. So, people which are lived in Dubai and Germany they didnt understand English. Thats why they impact on paramount furnitures product because if the paramount furniture export their products in these countries they will hire a translator. Culture factor- Sometime this factor also impact on international marketing. Because in every country there are different people and they believe in different culture. Some people respect to the all culture but some people dont like other culture. So, the culture factor impact on paramount furniture exporting business because in Dubai and Germany people are very serious about their culture and they are not want to dealing with other cultures people. Lifestyle patterns Lifestyle factor also impact on international marketing because in NZ mostly people like small sofa sets according their houses but in Dubai mostly people are very rich and they like big sofa sets but there are middle class people live in Germany so they like the sofa set according their lifestyle. Dominant values There are many different people live in different countries like in Dubai mostly people are rich as compared to Germany, sometime rich people dominant other people with their money power. so, dominant values impact on the international marketing. Technological factor Level of technological skills The technological skills also impact on international marketing because the technology is very important for business in these era, everyone depend on technology. Paramount furniture will easily deal with Dubai because they have very good technology but Germany has a low technology system. So, it will impact on marketing. Existing production technology This is very important technological factor and they impact international marketing because if paramount furniture wants to export their products to Dubai and Germany so, they should have a large production of those product. If the companys production rate high they can get more profit to supply their product in Dubai and Germany. Education level Education is must important in every field, if you have a good education you can do a good business easily. this factor also impact on business because if company have a good educational staff they can deal easily with other countries. Paramount furniture selected good qualified staff for dealing because in Dubai and Germany, the education system is very good. So, we are easily dealing with these two countries. Cost involved Money is very important in business field. So, the cost factor also impact on international marketing. For example, in these days technology change day by day and every company update their system with new technology but it is very expensive so the paramount furniture spent lot of money on updating their system. In this way companys get more profit because everyone use technology in business field. Task 3 Geographical factor Physical size of country This factor also impact on international marketing. For example, there are 4.4 million population in Dubai and 80.6 million population in Germany but the economics of Dubai is good as compare to same so paramount furniture will getting more profit from Dubai because Dubai economic is very rich so mostly they buy international product. Economic of Dubai Economic of Germany Topographical characteristics These characteristics are same as the physical size of countries factor but this factor focus about the area about countries. Dubai has a 4,114-km square and Germany have a 357,168-km square so the Dubai has a less area as compared to Germany. Climate conditions Climate condition also effects on the international marketing. Dubai has a hot desert climate condition. because the Dubai located in the northern desert belt and Germany has a very good weather conditions because it is a temperate country with warm summers and cold winter. Mostly people buy new things in good warm climate so the climate condition of Dubai and Germany are not impact on paramount furnitures products. Demographic characteristics: Size of population- This demographic characteristic also impact on international marketing because if any country has a big population so in these countries there are more products demands than others countries. In Dubai, there are 4.4 million people live there and 80.6 million population in Germany. So according paramount furniture they should supply more cheaper products to Germany as compare to Dubai because the economy of Germany is not very good but population of Germany is more than Dubai. Rate of population growth- The rate of population growth is also impact on international marketing because every product demands according the population growth. If the population rate is high in any country so the products demands is more. In the Dubai, there are 10% population increase in every year but there are only 0.2% population increase in Germany every year. So, paramount furniture will be getting more profit from Dubai in future according the rate of population. Age structure- This factor impact on the import and export business because the young generation (20 to 30) and middle age (30 to 60) people buy more products than other people. Paramount furniture done some survey about the ages of people in Dubai and Germany and according the survey mostly 20 6 0 years old people live in these two countries. So, paramount furniture can be dealing easily with these countries and people will loves the paramount furnitures product. Distribution- The distribution is very important factor in international marketing. Every people wants products as soon as possible when they ordered. So, paramount furniture should have good distribution system for dealing with Dubai and Germany. For example: if customers not receive their product on the time so they will never advertise your products and they refer to their relatives to use other companys products. It will be bad for companys productions and sales. So, paramount furniture should have a good distribution system. Income- Income is also most important demographic factor in the import and export business. If peoples have a good income so they buy new products but many people are not very rich in this world. In the Dubai, mostly people are rich and economy of Dubai is also very rich on the other hand Germany economy is not rich and mostly poor people live in Germany. Paramount furniture will get more profile for dealing with Dubai as compared to Germany. Task 4 4.1 International trade agreement relevant to New Zealand (Dubai and Germany) New Zealand trading many things into the international marketing. New Zealand export lots of products to Dubai and Germany like furniture, kiwi, wood, milk, beef etc. The Dubai is the 2nd largest partner with Asia union. Many New Zealand companies export furniture to Dubai and the Dubai is the one of the country which helps the New Zealand economy growth. There are 178,835 approximately products New Zealand export to the Dubai and they earn 40 million NZD in year 2015. On the other hand, dealing with Germany the total product export by New Zealand to Germany was 78,567 in year 2015. There is open door trading agreement between these countries. The agreement of these countries shows the high charges of eliminate and submission cost is decrease for commodities exporter. This agreement creates lots of opportunities for jobs. 4.2 International market potential of a New Zealand product or service. The market potential is the full or maximum overall sales revenue of the traders during the one time. The market potential show the specific market capacity for providing the many opportunities for the staff. The export between New Zealand and Dubai is running very good because New Zealand earn lots of profit from Dubai. It will be very good in the future. But in the Germany the trading system is not good between New Zealand because Germany economy is not good. The saving income of the Germany and Dubai are the favor of importing products. Many money will come in our company from the FOREX this is the biggest factor of exporting the goods. Conclusion According to me paramount furniture will earn more profit in future from Dubai because of its population and rich economy. They do follow the all rule and regulation before the dealing with Dubai and Germany. Paramount furniture helps the New Zealand economy with US dollar. Recommendation Paramount furniture should be read all trade agreement before dealing with other companies. Paramount furniture should be dealing with US dollar to other countries before transaction. They should be check all documents and paper work before dealing. They should export the cheaper products to Germany. References www.paramountfurniture.co.nz http://www.dubai.ae/en/aboutdubai/Pages/DubaiEconomy.aspx

History of the Development of Brakes :: Design and Technology

History of the Development of Brakes The first brakes were drum brakes. They were metal upon metal, and made a terrible noise, although they did work. Since then, brakes have been made with asbestos, which is heat resistant, hard wearing, and relatively silent. Drum Brake (1890s~1980s) The working parts of a drum brake are contained in a hard metal drum that is attached to the hub of a wheel and revolves with it. Inside, but unattached to the drum, are a pair of stationary curved brake shoes that are normally held away from the drum by springs. When the brake pedal is depressed, fluid is forced through the brake lines and into the wheel cylinder. Pushrods in the cylinder then apply pressure to both shoes, overcoming the spring tension and pressing the shoes against the drum. Hydraulic drum brakes can also be mechanically activated as parking brakes by a cable attached to the lever. When pressure is removed from the brake pedal, springs on the brake shoes force the shoes back to their normal released position. This movement of the shoes forces the pistons inward, returning the fluid to the master cylinder reservoir. Power Brakes (1940s~present) Power brake units used on passenger cars are of four general types: vacuum suspended; air suspended; hydraulic booster, and electro-hydraulic booster. Most power brakes use vacuum suspended units, which contains a large vacuum-powered booster device to provide the added thrust to the typical power-brake. Pressure on the brake pedal pushes forward a rod connected to the pistons of the two master cylinders. The pistons begin forcing fluid into the front and rear brake lines. At the same time, the brake-pedal pushrod positions the vacuum-control valve so that it closes the vacuum port and seals off the forward half of the booster unit. The engine vacuum line then draws off the air, creating a low-pressure vacuum chamber. Atmospheric pressure in the control chamber then pushes against the diaphragm, dividing the two chambers. The pressure on the diaphragm, which is locked to the pushrod, forces it forward, supplying even more pressure on the pistons. The safe driver is always ready to apply the total force needed to stop their vehicle, even if the engine quits (removing the power assist). Disc Brake Disc (1970s~present) Brakes use a clamping action to produce friction between the wheel and the suspension members which hold the wheel. Firmly mounted to the spindle, the caliper works like a c-clamp to pinch the rotor which is attached to the spinning wheel. "Floating" calipers allow themselves to move slightly when the brakes are applied, because only one pad moves (in relation to the caliper). History of the Development of Brakes :: Design and Technology History of the Development of Brakes The first brakes were drum brakes. They were metal upon metal, and made a terrible noise, although they did work. Since then, brakes have been made with asbestos, which is heat resistant, hard wearing, and relatively silent. Drum Brake (1890s~1980s) The working parts of a drum brake are contained in a hard metal drum that is attached to the hub of a wheel and revolves with it. Inside, but unattached to the drum, are a pair of stationary curved brake shoes that are normally held away from the drum by springs. When the brake pedal is depressed, fluid is forced through the brake lines and into the wheel cylinder. Pushrods in the cylinder then apply pressure to both shoes, overcoming the spring tension and pressing the shoes against the drum. Hydraulic drum brakes can also be mechanically activated as parking brakes by a cable attached to the lever. When pressure is removed from the brake pedal, springs on the brake shoes force the shoes back to their normal released position. This movement of the shoes forces the pistons inward, returning the fluid to the master cylinder reservoir. Power Brakes (1940s~present) Power brake units used on passenger cars are of four general types: vacuum suspended; air suspended; hydraulic booster, and electro-hydraulic booster. Most power brakes use vacuum suspended units, which contains a large vacuum-powered booster device to provide the added thrust to the typical power-brake. Pressure on the brake pedal pushes forward a rod connected to the pistons of the two master cylinders. The pistons begin forcing fluid into the front and rear brake lines. At the same time, the brake-pedal pushrod positions the vacuum-control valve so that it closes the vacuum port and seals off the forward half of the booster unit. The engine vacuum line then draws off the air, creating a low-pressure vacuum chamber. Atmospheric pressure in the control chamber then pushes against the diaphragm, dividing the two chambers. The pressure on the diaphragm, which is locked to the pushrod, forces it forward, supplying even more pressure on the pistons. The safe driver is always ready to apply the total force needed to stop their vehicle, even if the engine quits (removing the power assist). Disc Brake Disc (1970s~present) Brakes use a clamping action to produce friction between the wheel and the suspension members which hold the wheel. Firmly mounted to the spindle, the caliper works like a c-clamp to pinch the rotor which is attached to the spinning wheel. "Floating" calipers allow themselves to move slightly when the brakes are applied, because only one pad moves (in relation to the caliper).

Academic skills Essay

Academic skills are also very much emphasised in Singapore’s educational policy as our government values meritocracy. Achieving academic excellence is top priority for all school children in Singapore. Hence, many parents are still not in favour of a play-centred curriculum, as they fear this will not help their children to achieve academic success. With ranking of schools’ performance and learning outcomes; teachers and parents are compelled to neglect play in favour of more â€Å"school-like† activities. Similar to the American context as mentioned earlier, Singaporean parents send their children to many enrichment activities to help them to be outstanding in academic studies as well as extra-curricular activities such as music and golf lessons. As a result, children are much deprived of free play. Many children have not acquired the art of making friends and even the ability to make friendly contacts (Tan et al, 1997) The foregoing examples demonstrate that parental perspectives, socio-economic status, cultural factors, and educational policies are some issues that could negate the value and importance of play to children’s development and be viewed as having no â€Å"real educational experiences† (Leong & Bodrova, 2003, pp. 5). On the contrary, Hughes (1999, p. 109) advises that play is very often the context in which the needs of a growing child are developed and enhanced. It is vital to the development of all facets of the young child – personal awareness, emotional well-being, socialisation, communication, cognition, and perceptual motor skills (Hughes, 1999, p. 62-64, 68-69, 81-109 – 111). There are numerous play processes that help develop these many facets in the young child. Infant games such as peek-a-boo, making funny faces in front of a mirror, and water play in bathtub promote adult-child relationship. Playing also encourages and strengthens awareness of self and others; thus, it facilitates the development of a child’s image of himself and others. Indeed, they are not meaningless play especially when adults play with children, the latter will find adults more fun to be with; it is easier to form attachment that leads to securely attached children. Secure attachment is vital to the growing child: it gives him trust and confidence in his environment; it enables him to venture, explore, and learn about his surroundings (Hughes, 1999, p. 196-197, Gonzalez-Mena & Eyer, 2001, p. 77-79). Therefore, open-ended materials such as blocks enable the child to exercise spatial awareness concepts, perceptual skills, eye-hand coordination as well as pretend play and creative imagination (Van Hoorn & Nourot, p.255-256). Children use mathematical skills and science concepts and ideas to further expand their creativity in their construction with blocks; they will add details and complex structures to their block play (Isenberg & Jalongo, 1997, pp. 275-277). Children make use of their bodies and motor skills to move and stack up blocks that is beneficial to their physical development and strategic planning. Much creativity, divergent thinking, and cognitive skills are developed as children engage in pretend play. Thus, children should not be viewed as â€Å"just playing†. Their minds and thoughts are actively involved as they prepare their own scripts and collaborate to direct their play. They plan, negotiate roles and actions, agree and remind each other about the rules they have made. During pretend play, children get to practise their social skills. For instance, when children are unable to agree to play hospital or grocery store, they compromise by combining both. Hence, children play and learn to problem solve (Leong et al, Mar 2003, Rogers et al, 1998).

History of the Parachute (Inventors and Innovations)